$A$ long metallic bar is carrying heat from one of its ends to the other end under steady-state. The variation of temperature $\theta$ along the length $x$ of the bar from its hot end is best described by which of the following figures?

Explain why:
$(a)$ a body with large reflectivity is a poor emitter.
$(b)$ a brass tumbler feels much colder than a wooden tray on a chilly day.
$(c)$ an optical pyrometer (for measuring high temperatures) calibrated for an ideal black body radiation gives too low a value for the temperature of a red hot iron piece in the open,but gives a correct value for the temperature when the same piece is in the furnace.
$(d)$ the earth without its atmosphere would be inhospitably cold.
$(e)$ heating systems based on circulation of steam are more efficient in warming a building than those based on circulation of hot water.

What are the modes of heat transfer due to a temperature difference?

The only possibility of heat flow in a thermos flask is through its cork,which is $75 \ cm^2$ in area and $5 \ cm$ thick. Its thermal conductivity is $0.0075 \ cal/(cm \cdot s \cdot ^\circ C)$. The outside temperature is $40^\circ C$ and the latent heat of fusion of ice is $80 \ cal/g$. The time taken by $500 \ g$ of ice at $0^\circ C$ in the flask to melt into water at $0^\circ C$ is ....... $hr$.

If heat conduction in Figure $1$ takes $12 \, sec$,how much time (in $sec$) will it take for the same amount of heat to be conducted in Figure $2$?

The power radiated by a black body is $P$ and it radiates maximum energy around the wavelength $\lambda_0$. Now the temperature of the black body is changed so that it radiates maximum energy around wavelength $\left(\frac{\lambda_0}{2}\right)$. The power radiated by it will now increase by a factor of